Department of Pharmaceutics

PHCY 100:   Pharmaceutics I

Prereq: None	3C.H.	Lectures: 2 CH	Practical: 1 CH	Contact Hs: 4
Professional	Required	First Year	Second Semester	English

Course Objectives:

After completing this course, the student will be able to:

1- Discuss the present and future situations of pharmacy as a career.

2- Enumerate the career opportunities for a pharmacist.

3- Compare between the different career opportunities for a pharmacist concerning activities, advantages and disadvantages.    

4- Enumerate the names of the most famous Arab scientists in the field of pharmacy.

5- Enumerate the most famous textbooks on drugs produced by Arab scientists

6- Discuss the role of Ancient Egyptians, Indians, Chinese and Babelions on pharmacy.

7- Outline the progress in pharmacy as a career during the last 50 years.

8- Discuss the present situation of pharmacy in the Sultanate of Oman

9- Discuss the present situation of pharmacy in the Gulf area

10- Compare drug-oriented with patient-oriented pharmacy education

11- Discuss the differences between D. Pharm, B. Pham and Pharm. D.

12- Illustrate the role of USA in improving the profession of pharmacy.

13- Enumerate some of the most important references in pharmacy

14- Illustrate the roles of WHO, FDA , FIP, the Gulf pharmacy associations  

15- Compare between the concepts of your College curriculum and other curricula in the region and in the developing countries

16- Discuss the various instruction delivery systems with special emphasis on active learning

17- Enumerate the most important dosage forms.

18- Enumerate the routes of administration of medications

19- Enumerate the different types of water used in pharmacy

20- Define pure, sterile and disinfectant water

21- Illustrate the method used for the preparation of pure water

22- Define spirit, tincture and aromatic water

23- Classify the drug delivery systems according to their physical form

24- Classify the drug delivery systems according to their routes of administration

25- Discuss the types, advantages and disadvantages of liquid dosage forms

26- Discuss the types, advantages and disadvantages of solid dosage forms

27- Discuss the types, advantages and disadvantages of semisolid dosage forms.

28- Discuss the types, advantages and disadvantages of sterile dosage forms.

29- Enumerate the ingredients of simple solutions, syrups, pastilles, pastes and ointments

30- Describe the various forms of the prescription order

31- Define medication Errors

32- Define patient compliance with the prescribed medication   

33- Describe the methods used for prescription recording

34- Enumerate the types of information resources.

35- Retrieve pharmaceutical information.

36- Enumerate the local and the most important international organizations

Course Contents:

This course covers history of pharmacy, orientation to pharmacy, scope of pharmacy, careers, education of pharmacy (with special emphasis on Nizwa University, College of Pharmacy), instructional delivery with special emphasis on active learning, ethics in pharmacy, local and international organizations, information resources in pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences, and drug literature. It provides a complete idea on prescription, posology, compatibility and the basic principles of compounding and dispensing of drug delivery systems. It offers an introduction to classification, definition, formulation, and route of administration, general advantages, and disadvantages of drug delivery systems as aqueous pharmaceutical solutions, aromatic waters, syrups, douches, enemas, gargles, mouthwashes, juices, nasal solutions, ear solutions, irrigation solution. It covers the formulation of syrups especially the additives as sweetening, flavoring, coloring, solubilizing, and stabilizing agents.  It offers knowledge on non- aqueous solutions as collodions, elixirs, spirits, glycerites, inhalations, liniments, and inhalations. It offers classification, definition and route of administration, general advantages, and disadvantages of tablets, capsules, suppositories, ointments, creams, eye drops, and ampoules.

Practical work: covers preparation of waters, simple solutions, douches, enemas, gargles, mouthwashes, juices, nasal solutions, ear solutions, irrigation solution syrups, mucilages, jellies, collodions, elixirs, glycerins, inhalations and liniments. It offers to the students an idea on the distribution of drug delivery in pharmacies, names of national, local and international pharmaceutical companies and commercial names of famous pharmaceutical products.

      Bibliography

1. Textbook Title:

1. Zatz. J. (1995). Pharmaceutical Calculations, Wiley. USA

2. Martin A. et al (1990). Physical Pharmacy Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia , U.S.A.

3. Drug Information a Guide for the Pharmacist: Mc Grow & Hill 2006

4. Alghabban, A: Pharmaceutical Medicine Dictionary. Edinburgh, NY 2001

5. Pharmaceutical Preparations: Sobhi Said, Nizwa University, the Sultanate of Oman (2007)

2. References:

    Remington's. The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins:    Philadelphia . USA (2004)

Student Evaluation

PHCY 102:  Physical Pharmacy

Prereq: PHCY 100	3C.H.	Lectures: 2 CH	Practical: 1 CH	Contact Hs: 4
Professional Course	Required	Second Year	First Semester	English

Course Objectives:

 After completing this course, the student will be able to:

1- Enumerate the different methods used in pharmaceutical calculations.

2- Apply proportion method for pharmaceutical calculation of child’s dose from a solution of known volume and concentration

3- Apply the mixed ratios method for pharmaceutical calculation as an alternative to proportion method.

4- Apply inverse proportion method for pharmaceutical calculation of dilution of solutions.

5- Apply aliquot method for pharmaceutical calculation for the measurement of liquids.

6- Apply reducing and enlarging methods for pharmaceutical calculation to reduce or enlarge a recipe.

7- Calculate infant's dose according to Fried's rule.

8- Calculate child's dose according to Clark 's rule or body surface area (BSA).

9- Apply percentage methods (w/v or w/w) for determining the weight of active ingredient in a certain volume or the percentage w/v when the weight and the volume of liquid formulation are known in pharmacy practice

10- Apply dilution and concentration method in preparation of solution from their stock solutions.

11- Calculate milliequivalents of electrolytes for relevant formulations e.g. isotonic solutions.

12- Mention the volumes of house hold measure

13- Determine mean, median, mode, estimate of variability& standard deviation

14- Apply appropriate equations to calculate for ionic equilibriums, colligative properties, surface phenomena, buffer and buffer capacity

15- Define heterogeneous systems

16- Enumerate colligative properties of solution with special emphasis on Raoult's law.

17- Discuss the correlation between electrolyte solution and ionic equilibriums.

18- Calculate the pH of solution from its pKa

19- . Define buffer and buffer capacity.

20- Calculate for the ratio of buffer with specific pH.

21- Define ionic equilibrium.

22- Describe the liquid interface, the adsorption at liquid interphases and the adsorption at solid interphases.

23- Classify surfactants of common use in pharmacy.

24- Illustrate the uses of surfactants in pharmacy.

25- Discuss the importance of colloids in pharmacy.

26- Compare between Newtonian and Non-Newtonian systems.

27- Define thioxotropy.

28- Illustrate the methods of measurement of viscosity.

29- Discuss the importance of thermodynamics in pharmacy

30- Discuss the mechanisms of surface active agents

31- Classify the different surfactants with examples

32- Discuss the importance of surfactants in pharmacy

33- Define HLB

34- Discuss the phenomenon of polymorphism

35- Discuss the characters of crystals

36- Illustrate the importance of X ray diffraction in pharmacy

37- Discuss the factors affecting solubility of pharmaceutical powders

38- Discuss the factors affecting viscosity of solutions

39- Define thixotropy

40- Illustrate the methods used for the determination of viscosity

41- Illustrate some applications of rheology in pharmacy

Course Contents:

This course covers weights and measures, weighing and measuring, density and specific gravity, pharmaceutical calculations, significant figures, fractions, exponents , powers and roots, laws and rules logarithmic calculations , household equivalents, dosage calculation, problem solving methodology, stock solutions , and milli-equivalents, molecular structure, statistics in pharmacy, properties and states of matter, solution and phase equilibriums, characterization of crystalline materials, phase equilibriums and the phase rule, two component systems, ionic solutions, solutions and solubility, solubility expressions, determination of solubility, the process of dissolution, factors affecting solubility, types of solvents, application of distribution  law, colligative properties of solutions, electrolytic equilibriums, tonicity, osmolality, surface activity and surface active agents, interfacial phenomena, colloidal and coarse dispersions, concepts of rheology, laws of rheology, factors affecting viscosity, thixotropy, determination of viscosity, factors affecting rheological properties of pharmaceutical products, pharmaceutical and biological applications of rheology,   .

Practical work: covers adjustment of tonicity, osmolality, measurements: of surface tension, viscosity, partition coefficient, pH, buffers, and buffer capacity.

         Bibliography

1. Textbook Title:   1. Zatz. J. (1995). Pharmaceutical Calculations. Wiley. USA 2. Pharmaceutics. The Science of Dosage Forms design, Alton , Churchill (2005) 3. Martin A. et al (1990). Physical Pharmacy Lea& Febiger, Philadelphia , U.S.A 4. Pharmaceutical Preparations: Sobhi Said, Nizwa University, the Sultanate of Oman (2007)

3. References:   1. Mitchell. Pharmaceutical Calculations 2. Remington's The Science and Practice of Pharmacy. Lippincott   Williams & Wilkins. Philadelphia . U.S.A (2003).

3. Internet : 1. www.unizwa.edu.om 2. www.aapspharmaceutica.com 3. www.gallipot.com 4. www.ualberta.ca 5. www.ijpc.com

Student Evaluation

PHCY 150: Pharmaceutics II

Prereq: PHCY 100	3C.H.	Lectures: 2 CH	Practical: 1 CH	Contact Hs: 4
Professional	Required	Second Year	Second Semester	English

Course Objectives:

 After completing this course, the student will be able to:

1- Illustrate the importance and principles of micromeretics  

2- Apply micrometrics in the design of solid dosage forms 

3- Enumerate the phyisco- chemical properties of powders

4- Measure Particle size of powders

5- Select the most appropriate particle size of powders  

6- Illustrate the correlation between the phyisco –chemical properties of drugs and the formulation of solid, controlled release, suspensions, and semisolid and heterogeneous dosage forms

7- Illustrate the correlation between the phyisco –chemical properties of drugs and the formulation of solid, dosage forms

8- Illustrate the correlation between the phyisco –chemical properties of drugs and the formulation of suspensions dosage forms

9- Illustrate the correlation between the phyisco –chemical properties of drugs and the formulation of semisolid dosage forms

10- Illustrate the formulation, method of preparation, the QC, and the storage of drug  delivery systems

11- Illustrate the correlation between the phyisco –chemical properties of drugs and the formulation of heterogeneous dosage forms

12- Enumerate the essential ingredients of effervescent granules

13- Discuss the advantages and the disadvantages of effervescent granules

14- Illustrate the methods used for the manufacture of effervescent granules

15- Discuss the QC tests used for the effervescent granules

16- Compare between the soft and the hard gelatin capsules

17- Enumerate the contents and the role of ingredients used for the manufacture of tablets

18- Compare between the methods used for the coating of tablets

19- Carry out the QC of tablets

20- Discuss the methods used for the manufacture of tablets

21- Design a formula for controlled release drugs.

22- Prepare controlled release pellets

23- Prepare controlled release tablets

24- Carry out QC for controlled release medicament

25- Enumerate the most important local SR products

26- Discuss the advantages of controlled dosage forms

27- Discuss the advantages of site specific products

28- Appreciate the site specific medicaments

29- Discuss the advantages of targeted medicaments

30- Justify the use of targeted chemotherapy

31- Recommend controlled release product i.e. a modification in drug therapy to   ensure effective, safe, and economic pharmaceutical care

32- Discuss the advantages of different solid dosage forms

33- Formulate, prepare and carry out QC for solid dosage forms

34- Discuss the advantages of suspensions

35- Formulate, prepare and carry out QC for suspensions

36- Discuss the advantages of emulsions

37- Formulate, prepare and carry out QC emulsions

38- Discuss the advantages of suppositories and pessaries

39- Formulate, prepare and carry out QC suppositories

40- Classify cosmetic products

41- Formulate, prepare and carry out QC of cosmetic products

42- Formulate, prepare and carry out QC of ointments and creams

Course Contents:

This course cover micromeretics, phyisco-chemical principles of dosage forms, preformulation classification, advantages, disadvantages, types, ingredients with their roles,, production on large scale, quality control of solid dosage forms as powders, granules, capsules, tablets, and heterogeneous systems as suspensions and emulsions, in addition to semisolid products as ointments, creams, suppositories, and pessaries in addition to certain cosmetic products. This course offers the advantages, the formulation and the limitations of controlled release, site –targeted and site-specific drug delivery systems.

Practical work includes micromeretics of powders, formulation, preparation, packaging, labeling and quality control of suspensions, powders, granules, capsules, tablets, suppositories, ointments, creams, pastes, powders, granules tablets, and capsules.  

        Bibliography

1. Textbook Title:  1. Pharmaceutical Calculations. Ansel, Lippincott (2007) 2. Zatz. J.  Pharmaceutical Calculations. Wiley. USA (1995) 3. Martin A. et al . Physical Pharmacy Lea& Febiger, Philadelphia , U.S.A. (1993) 4. Drug Information a Guide for the Pharmacist: Mc Grow & Hill(2006) 5. Alghabban, A: Pharmaceutical Medicine Dictionary. Edinburgh, NY (2001)

References: Remington's The Science and Practice of Pharmacy. Lippincott   Williams & Wilkins. Philadelphia . U.S.A. 2. Shargel Leon Shargel et al. comprehensive Pharmacy Review (2001). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Philadelphia. USA Pharmaceutics. 3. The Science of Dosage Forms design, Alton , Churchill (2005)

3. Internet :        b. www.aapspharmaceutica.com c.  www.gallipot.com d.  www.ualberta.ca e.  www.ijpc.com

Student Evaluation

PHCY 250: Pharmaceutics III

Prereq: PHCY 150	3C.H.	Lectures: 2 CH	Practical: 1	Contact Hs: 4
Professional	Required	Third Year	First Semester	English

Course Objectives:

 After completing this course, the student will be able to:

1- Enumerate  kinetic orders

2- Discuss the equations of Zero, First, Pseudo-First and Second orders

3- Solve kinetic problems

4- Suggest the best storage conditions for the different dosage forms 

5- Develop techniques for studying stability of drug delivery system.

6- Select the most appropriate stability indicating assay

7- Calculate and justify expiry dates of drug delivery systems

8- Enumerate the different parenterals

9- Discuss the advantages and the disadvantages of parenterals

10- Develop formulas for parenteral products.

11- Carry out the QC tests for parenterals

12- Develop formulas for ophthalmic products.  

13- Select package and storage conditions of sterile products.

14- Enumerate the sterile products

15- Discuss the methods of sterilization

16- Select the most appropriate method of sterilization

17- Define, illustrate, detect and prevent the presence of pyrogens in parenterals

18- Carry out quality control for sterile products

19- Discuss the principles required for cGMP in pharmaceutical industry

20- Suggest the conditions required for cGMP in pharmaceutical industry

21- Discuss the principles required for QA in pharmaceutical industry

22- Discuss the principles required for QI in pharmaceutical industry

23- Discuss the principles required for ISO systems.

24- Develop and compound accurate, safe and stable solutions, suspensions, emulsions, powders, capsules, molded tablets, ointments, creams, suppositories and I.V. admixtures

25- Discuss the incompatibilities of IV solutions

26- Show the methods used for the administration of IV admixture

27- Illustrate the importance of IV nutrition

28- Define size reduction, mixing, filtration, centrifugation, extraction, drying, evaporation, crystallization, and distillation

29- Discuss the needs for microencapsulation

30- Enumerate the methods used for microencapsulation.

Course Contents:

This course covers chemical kinetics, reaction rate, orders, and effects on reaction rate, drug stabilization, stability testing, and drug degradation in dosage forms, calculation and significance of expiry date. This curse covers preformulation and formulation of drug delivery systems. It provides knowledge on classification, advantages, disadvantages, administration, formulation, manufacturing on large scale, containers, quality control of sterile dosage forms as parenterals, total parenterals nutrition products and ophthalmics, in addition to aerosols, new drug delivery systems, cGMP, QA, QI, .and validation in pharmacy. It provides the most important processes in industrial pharmacy as size reduction, mixing, filtration, centrifugation, extraction, drying, evaporation, crystallization, distillation and microencapsulation.

Practical work: covers problems on drug kinetics, stability studies, calculation of expiry date, formulation preparation and packaging of sterile dosage. Demonstrations for various pharmaceutical processes are offered. 

       Bibliography

1. Textbook Title:  1. Zatz. J..Pharmaceutical Calculations. Wiley. USA (1995) 2. Pharmaceutics. The Science of Dosage Forms design, Alton , Churchill (2005) 3. Pharmaceutics. The Science of Dosage Forms design, Alton , Churchill (2005) 4. Drug Information a Guide for the Pharmacist: Mc Grow & Hill 2006 5. Alghabban, A: Pharmaceutical Medicine Dictionary. Edinburgh, NY 2001 6. Pharmaceutical Preparations, Sobhi said, Nizwa University, college of Pharmacy, (2007)

1. References:   1. Remington's The Science and Practice of Pharmacy. Lippincott   Williams & Wilkins. Philadelphia . U.S.A. (2003) 2. Shargel Leon et al. comprehensive Pharmacy Review (2001). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Philadelphia. USA

Student Evaluation

PHCY 300: Biopharmaceutics

Prereq: PHCY 250	3C.H.	Lectures: 3 CH	Practical: -	Contact Hs: 3
Professional	Required	Third Year	First Semester	English

Course Objectives

After completing this course, the student will be able to:

1- Define bioavailability

2- Compare between bioequivalency and bioavailability

3- Enumerate the phyisco-chemical factors affecting absorption of drugs from different routes of administration

4- Discuss  the phyisco-chemical factors affecting absorption of drugs from different routes of administration

5- Illustrate the biological factors affecting absorption of drugs from GIT

6- Illustrate the criteria used for the assessment of bioavailability

7- Differentiate between innovator and generic products

8- Enumerate the drugs with bioavailability problems

9- Evaluate dosage forms according to their bioequivalency

10- Design a technique for studying the bioequivalence of drug delivery systems 

11- Suggest a solution for a drug delivery system whose  bioavailability is poor

12- Recommend modifications in drug therapy on basis of bioequivalency to ensure effective, safe and economic pharmaceutical care

Course Contents

This course covers the concepts of bioavailability, the differences between chemical equivalency, bioavailability, and therapeutic equivalency, physicochemical factors affecting dissolution rate as rate determining step for drug absorption, the physico-chemical and biological factors affecting the absorption of drugs from different sites. It covers the factors affecting dug absorption from different sites of administration. The generic equivalency and its implication drug’s bioavailability – bioequivalency and dosage uniformity is an integral part of this. It offers knowledge on the international accepted methods used for the assessment of bioequivalency of dosage form.

Bibliography

1. Textbook Titles Applied Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics, Shargel , McGraw (1993) Applied Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Bauer, McGraw (2001 Ritchel, W. et al (1999). Handbook of Basic Pharmacokinetics. A Ph A. USA Evans, W. (1999). Pharmacokinetics. A Ph A , USA 2. References: Alfonso R. G. (2001). Remington's: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy; Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Philadelphia . USA Shargel L. et al. Comprehensive Pharmacy Review (2001). Lippincott Williams& Wilkins. Philadelphia . USA

3.Internet : www.boomer.org/c/p4/ http://oregomstate.edu/~delasiek/studyguide/751_notes_vesna.doc

PRCM 5: Practicum 5

Prereq: PHCY 250	2 C.H.	Lectures: -	Practical: 2 CH	Contact Hs: 90
Professional	Required	Fourth Year	Summer Session	-

Course Objectives

After completing this course, the student will be able to:

1. Illustrate the most appropriate method for storage of raw materials.

2. Illustrate the most appropriate method for storage of finished products.

3. Illustrate the most appropriate method for rejection of unaccepted raw materials or finished products

4. Dispense batches according to master sheet.

5. Produce and select package of solid dosage form, liquid dosage form, semisolid dosage form, and sterile drug delivery systems.

6. Develop analysis of the raw materials used in the manufacturing of different pharmaceutical products.

7. Perform quality control for manufactured pharmaceutical products.

8. Illustrate Current Good Manufacturing cGMP and Good Laboratory Practice GLP.

Course Contents

This comprises participation in activities of arrangement, and storage of raw materials and finished products, production of medications and quality control of raw materials and finished products in addition to cGMP, quality assurance and ISO-systems. A special logbook designed for this course. 

Student Evaluation:

Final Evaluation of PRACTICUM

S No		Marks Obtained	Grade
1	PRACTICUM 1
2	PRACTICUM 2
3	PRACTICUM 3
4	PRACTICUM 4
5	PRACTICUM 5
Total